TwitterHandler.cs

// Copyright (c) .NET Foundation. All rights reserved.
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. See License.txt in the project root for license information.

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Globalization;
using System.Net.Http;
using System.Security.Claims;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Text;
using System.Text.Encodings.Web;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.DataProtection;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.WebUtilities;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Options;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Primitives;
using Newtonsoft.Json.Linq;

namespace Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.Twitter
{
    internal class TwitterHandler : RemoteAuthenticationHandler<TwitterOptions>
    {
        private static readonly DateTime Epoch = new DateTime(1970, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc);
        private const string StateCookie = "__TwitterState";
        private const string RequestTokenEndpoint = "https://api.twitter.com/oauth/request_token";
        private const string AuthenticationEndpoint = "https://api.twitter.com/oauth/authenticate?oauth_token=";
        private const string AccessTokenEndpoint = "https://api.twitter.com/oauth/access_token";

        private HttpClient Backchannel => Options.Backchannel;

        /// <summary>
        /// The handler calls methods on the events which give the application control at certain points where processing is occurring.
        /// If it is not provided a default instance is supplied which does nothing when the methods are called.
        /// </summary>
        protected new TwitterEvents Events
        {
            get { return (TwitterEvents)base.Events; }
            set { base.Events = value; }
        }

        public TwitterHandler(IOptionsSnapshot<TwitterOptions> options, ILoggerFactory logger, UrlEncoder encoder, ISystemClock clock)
            : base(options, logger, encoder, clock)
        { }

        protected override Task<object> CreateEventsAsync() => Task.FromResult<object>(new TwitterEvents());

        protected override async Task<AuthenticateResult> HandleRemoteAuthenticateAsync()
        {
            AuthenticationProperties properties = null;
            var query = Request.Query;
            var protectedRequestToken = Request.Cookies[StateCookie];

            var requestToken = Options.StateDataFormat.Unprotect(protectedRequestToken);

            if (requestToken == null)
            {
                return AuthenticateResult.Fail("Invalid state cookie.");
            }

            properties = requestToken.Properties;

            // REVIEW: see which of these are really errors

            var returnedToken = query["oauth_token"];
            if (StringValues.IsNullOrEmpty(returnedToken))
            {
                return AuthenticateResult.Fail("Missing oauth_token");
            }

            if (!string.Equals(returnedToken, requestToken.Token, StringComparison.Ordinal))
            {
                return AuthenticateResult.Fail("Unmatched token");
            }

            var oauthVerifier = query["oauth_verifier"];
            if (StringValues.IsNullOrEmpty(oauthVerifier))
            {
                return AuthenticateResult.Fail("Missing or blank oauth_verifier");
            }

            var cookieOptions = new CookieOptions
            {
                HttpOnly = true,
                SameSite = SameSiteMode.Lax,
                Secure = Request.IsHttps
            };

            Options.ConfigureStateCookie?.Invoke(Context, cookieOptions);

            Response.Cookies.Delete(StateCookie, cookieOptions);

            var accessToken = await ObtainAccessTokenAsync(requestToken, oauthVerifier);

            var identity = new ClaimsIdentity(new[]
            {
                new Claim(ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier, accessToken.UserId, ClaimValueTypes.String, ClaimsIssuer),
                new Claim(ClaimTypes.Name, accessToken.ScreenName, ClaimValueTypes.String, ClaimsIssuer),
                new Claim("urn:twitter:userid", accessToken.UserId, ClaimValueTypes.String, ClaimsIssuer),
                new Claim("urn:twitter:screenname", accessToken.ScreenName, ClaimValueTypes.String, ClaimsIssuer)
            },
            ClaimsIssuer);

            JObject user = null;
            if (Options.RetrieveUserDetails)
            {
                user = await RetrieveUserDetailsAsync(accessToken, identity);
            }

            if (Options.SaveTokens)
            {
                properties.StoreTokens(new [] {
                    new AuthenticationToken { Name = "access_token", Value = accessToken.Token },
                    new AuthenticationToken { Name = "access_token_secret", Value = accessToken.TokenSecret }
                });
            }

            return AuthenticateResult.Success(await CreateTicketAsync(identity, properties, accessToken, user));
        }

        protected virtual async Task<AuthenticationTicket> CreateTicketAsync(
            ClaimsIdentity identity, AuthenticationProperties properties, AccessToken token, JObject user)
        {
            foreach (var action in Options.ClaimActions)
            {
                action.Run(user, identity, ClaimsIssuer);
            }

            var context = new TwitterCreatingTicketContext(Context, Scheme, Options, properties, token.UserId, token.ScreenName, token.Token, token.TokenSecret, user)
            {
                Principal = new ClaimsPrincipal(identity)
            };

            await Events.CreatingTicket(context);

            if (context.Principal?.Identity == null)
            {
                return null;
            }

            return new AuthenticationTicket(context.Principal, context.Properties, Scheme.Name);
        }

        protected override async Task HandleChallengeAsync(AuthenticationProperties properties)
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(properties.RedirectUri))
            {
                properties.RedirectUri = CurrentUri;
            }

            // If CallbackConfirmed is false, this will throw
            var requestToken = await ObtainRequestTokenAsync(BuildRedirectUri(Options.CallbackPath), properties);
            var twitterAuthenticationEndpoint = AuthenticationEndpoint + requestToken.Token;

            var cookieOptions = new CookieOptions
            {
                HttpOnly = true,
                SameSite = SameSiteMode.Lax,
                Secure = Request.IsHttps,
                Expires = Clock.UtcNow.Add(Options.RemoteAuthenticationTimeout),
            };

            Options.ConfigureStateCookie?.Invoke(Context, cookieOptions);

            Response.Cookies.Append(StateCookie, Options.StateDataFormat.Protect(requestToken), cookieOptions);

            var redirectContext = new TwitterRedirectToAuthorizationEndpointContext(Context, Scheme, Options, properties, twitterAuthenticationEndpoint);
            await Events.RedirectToAuthorizationEndpoint(redirectContext);
        }

        private async Task<RequestToken> ObtainRequestTokenAsync(string callBackUri, AuthenticationProperties properties)
        {
            Logger.ObtainRequestToken();

            var nonce = Guid.NewGuid().ToString("N");

            var authorizationParts = new SortedDictionary<string, string>
            {
                { "oauth_callback", callBackUri },
                { "oauth_consumer_key", Options.ConsumerKey },
                { "oauth_nonce", nonce },
                { "oauth_signature_method", "HMAC-SHA1" },
                { "oauth_timestamp", GenerateTimeStamp() },
                { "oauth_version", "1.0" }
            };

            var parameterBuilder = new StringBuilder();
            foreach (var authorizationKey in authorizationParts)
            {
                parameterBuilder.AppendFormat("{0}={1}&", UrlEncoder.Encode(authorizationKey.Key), UrlEncoder.Encode(authorizationKey.Value));
            }
            parameterBuilder.Length--;
            var parameterString = parameterBuilder.ToString();

            var canonicalizedRequestBuilder = new StringBuilder();
            canonicalizedRequestBuilder.Append(HttpMethod.Post.Method);
            canonicalizedRequestBuilder.Append("&");
            canonicalizedRequestBuilder.Append(UrlEncoder.Encode(RequestTokenEndpoint));
            canonicalizedRequestBuilder.Append("&");
            canonicalizedRequestBuilder.Append(UrlEncoder.Encode(parameterString));

            var signature = ComputeSignature(Options.ConsumerSecret, null, canonicalizedRequestBuilder.ToString());
            authorizationParts.Add("oauth_signature", signature);

            var authorizationHeaderBuilder = new StringBuilder();
            authorizationHeaderBuilder.Append("OAuth ");
            foreach (var authorizationPart in authorizationParts)
            {
                authorizationHeaderBuilder.AppendFormat(
                    "{0}=\"{1}\", ", authorizationPart.Key, UrlEncoder.Encode(authorizationPart.Value));
            }
            authorizationHeaderBuilder.Length = authorizationHeaderBuilder.Length - 2;

            var request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Post, RequestTokenEndpoint);
            request.Headers.Add("Authorization", authorizationHeaderBuilder.ToString());

            var response = await Backchannel.SendAsync(request, Context.RequestAborted);
            response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();
            var responseText = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync();

            var responseParameters = new FormCollection(new FormReader(responseText).ReadForm());
            if (!string.Equals(responseParameters["oauth_callback_confirmed"], "true", StringComparison.Ordinal))
            {
                throw new Exception("Twitter oauth_callback_confirmed is not true.");
            }

            return new RequestToken { Token = Uri.UnescapeDataString(responseParameters["oauth_token"]), TokenSecret = Uri.UnescapeDataString(responseParameters["oauth_token_secret"]), CallbackConfirmed = true, Properties = properties };
        }

        private async Task<AccessToken> ObtainAccessTokenAsync(RequestToken token, string verifier)
        {
            // https://dev.twitter.com/docs/api/1/post/oauth/access_token

            Logger.ObtainAccessToken();

            var nonce = Guid.NewGuid().ToString("N");

            var authorizationParts = new SortedDictionary<string, string>
            {
                { "oauth_consumer_key", Options.ConsumerKey },
                { "oauth_nonce", nonce },
                { "oauth_signature_method", "HMAC-SHA1" },
                { "oauth_token", token.Token },
                { "oauth_timestamp", GenerateTimeStamp() },
                { "oauth_verifier", verifier },
                { "oauth_version", "1.0" },
            };

            var parameterBuilder = new StringBuilder();
            foreach (var authorizationKey in authorizationParts)
            {
                parameterBuilder.AppendFormat("{0}={1}&", UrlEncoder.Encode(authorizationKey.Key), UrlEncoder.Encode(authorizationKey.Value));
            }
            parameterBuilder.Length--;
            var parameterString = parameterBuilder.ToString();

            var canonicalizedRequestBuilder = new StringBuilder();
            canonicalizedRequestBuilder.Append(HttpMethod.Post.Method);
            canonicalizedRequestBuilder.Append("&");
            canonicalizedRequestBuilder.Append(UrlEncoder.Encode(AccessTokenEndpoint));
            canonicalizedRequestBuilder.Append("&");
            canonicalizedRequestBuilder.Append(UrlEncoder.Encode(parameterString));

            var signature = ComputeSignature(Options.ConsumerSecret, token.TokenSecret, canonicalizedRequestBuilder.ToString());
            authorizationParts.Add("oauth_signature", signature);
            authorizationParts.Remove("oauth_verifier");

            var authorizationHeaderBuilder = new StringBuilder();
            authorizationHeaderBuilder.Append("OAuth ");
            foreach (var authorizationPart in authorizationParts)
            {
                authorizationHeaderBuilder.AppendFormat(
                    "{0}=\"{1}\", ", authorizationPart.Key, UrlEncoder.Encode(authorizationPart.Value));
            }
            authorizationHeaderBuilder.Length = authorizationHeaderBuilder.Length - 2;

            var request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Post, AccessTokenEndpoint);
            request.Headers.Add("Authorization", authorizationHeaderBuilder.ToString());

            var formPairs = new Dictionary<string, string>()
            {
                { "oauth_verifier", verifier },
            };

            request.Content = new FormUrlEncodedContent(formPairs);

            var response = await Backchannel.SendAsync(request, Context.RequestAborted);

            if (!response.IsSuccessStatusCode)
            {
                Logger.LogError("AccessToken request failed with a status code of " + response.StatusCode);
                response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode(); // throw
            }

            var responseText = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync();
            var responseParameters = new FormCollection(new FormReader(responseText).ReadForm());

            return new AccessToken
            {
                Token = Uri.UnescapeDataString(responseParameters["oauth_token"]),
                TokenSecret = Uri.UnescapeDataString(responseParameters["oauth_token_secret"]),
                UserId = Uri.UnescapeDataString(responseParameters["user_id"]),
                ScreenName = Uri.UnescapeDataString(responseParameters["screen_name"])
            };
        }

        // https://dev.twitter.com/rest/reference/get/account/verify_credentials
        private async Task<JObject> RetrieveUserDetailsAsync(AccessToken accessToken, ClaimsIdentity identity)
        {
            Logger.RetrieveUserDetails();

            var nonce = Guid.NewGuid().ToString("N");

            var authorizationParts = new SortedDictionary<string, string>
                        {
                            { "oauth_consumer_key", Options.ConsumerKey },
                            { "oauth_nonce", nonce },
                            { "oauth_signature_method", "HMAC-SHA1" },
                            { "oauth_timestamp", GenerateTimeStamp() },
                            { "oauth_token", accessToken.Token },
                            { "oauth_version", "1.0" }
                        };

            var parameterBuilder = new StringBuilder();
            foreach (var authorizationKey in authorizationParts)
            {
                parameterBuilder.AppendFormat("{0}={1}&", UrlEncoder.Encode(authorizationKey.Key), UrlEncoder.Encode(authorizationKey.Value));
            }
            parameterBuilder.Length--;
            var parameterString = parameterBuilder.ToString();

            var resource_url = "https://api.twitter.com/1.1/account/verify_credentials.json";
            var resource_query = "include_email=true";
            var canonicalizedRequestBuilder = new StringBuilder();
            canonicalizedRequestBuilder.Append(HttpMethod.Get.Method);
            canonicalizedRequestBuilder.Append("&");
            canonicalizedRequestBuilder.Append(UrlEncoder.Encode(resource_url));
            canonicalizedRequestBuilder.Append("&");
            canonicalizedRequestBuilder.Append(UrlEncoder.Encode(resource_query));
            canonicalizedRequestBuilder.Append("%26");
            canonicalizedRequestBuilder.Append(UrlEncoder.Encode(parameterString));

            var signature = ComputeSignature(Options.ConsumerSecret, accessToken.TokenSecret, canonicalizedRequestBuilder.ToString());
            authorizationParts.Add("oauth_signature", signature);

            var authorizationHeaderBuilder = new StringBuilder();
            authorizationHeaderBuilder.Append("OAuth ");
            foreach (var authorizationPart in authorizationParts)
            {
                authorizationHeaderBuilder.AppendFormat(
                    "{0}=\"{1}\", ", authorizationPart.Key, UrlEncoder.Encode(authorizationPart.Value));
            }
            authorizationHeaderBuilder.Length = authorizationHeaderBuilder.Length - 2;

            var request = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Get, resource_url + "?include_email=true");
            request.Headers.Add("Authorization", authorizationHeaderBuilder.ToString());

            var response = await Backchannel.SendAsync(request, Context.RequestAborted);
            if (!response.IsSuccessStatusCode)
            {
                Logger.LogError("Email request failed with a status code of " + response.StatusCode);
                response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode(); // throw
            }
            var responseText = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync();

            var result = JObject.Parse(responseText);

            return result;
        }

        private static string GenerateTimeStamp()
        {
            var secondsSinceUnixEpocStart = DateTime.UtcNow - Epoch;
            return Convert.ToInt64(secondsSinceUnixEpocStart.TotalSeconds).ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
        }

        private string ComputeSignature(string consumerSecret, string tokenSecret, string signatureData)
        {
            using (var algorithm = new HMACSHA1())
            {
                algorithm.Key = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(
                    string.Format(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture,
                        "{0}&{1}",
                        UrlEncoder.Encode(consumerSecret),
                        string.IsNullOrEmpty(tokenSecret) ? string.Empty : UrlEncoder.Encode(tokenSecret)));
                var hash = algorithm.ComputeHash(Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(signatureData));
                return Convert.ToBase64String(hash);
            }
        }
    }
}