Correlated subquery fails when filtering an aliased derived table on an outer column #26504

Describe the bug

A correlated subquery fails to plan when the correlation is inside an aliased derived table and the subquery filters that derived table on an outer column.

To Reproduce

datafusion-cli -c "
SELECT * FROM (VALUES (1)) AS x(d)
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM (SELECT * FROM (VALUES (1)) AS y(c) WHERE y.c = x.d) AS t WHERE x.d > 0)"

This gives:

Error: Schema error: No field named __correlated_sq_1.c.
Valid fields are x.d.

Expected behavior

One row with d = 1, which is what PostgreSQL 17 returns.

Additional context

The query succeeds if either:

• the alias AS t is removed, or
• x.d > 0 is moved into the derived table (WHERE y.c = x.d AND x.d > 0).

A scalar subquery of the same shape fails the same way (expected result: 1):

datafusion-cli -c "
SELECT (SELECT n FROM (SELECT sum(y.c) AS n FROM (VALUES (1)) AS y(c) WHERE y.c = x.d) AS t WHERE x.d > 0) AS v
FROM (VALUES (1)) AS x(d)"

Error: Schema error: No field named __scalar_sq_1.c.
Valid fields are x.d.

A similar error with LATERAL and a derived-table alias is reported in #25837.

Found with DataFusion CLI v55.1.0, main at 7e102d7.

Willingness to contribute

None